Stage 1: Submission. The Submitting Author submits the manuscript online via the OJS system. The manuscript is then received and directed (Route 1) to the Managing Editor.

Stage 2: Initial Check / First Screening. The Managing Editor conducts an administrative check and verifies the manuscript's alignment with the journal's scope. This initial screening process takes 1 WEEK. If the manuscript fails to meet the journal's requirements, it will be rejected immediately. If the manuscript passes this stage, it will be assigned (Editorial Assignment / Route 2) to an Editor.

Stage 3: Desk Review. The Editor conducts an initial quality assessment of the manuscript. This Desk Review process takes between 3 TO 10 DAYS. If the Editor finds technical or ethical issues, the manuscript will be rejected. If the manuscript is deemed suitable, it will be forwarded (Route 3) to the Peer Reviewers.

Stage 4: Peer Review. The manuscript is reviewed by experts using a Double-Blind system. This review process is the longest stage, lasting for 1 TO 3 MONTHS. From this stage, the Peer Reviewers will make a decision. The decision can be: Rejected by Reviewer, Published Unaltered, Published After Minor Changes, or Major changes are needed.

Stage 5: Revision. If major changes are needed, the manuscript will be returned (Route 4) to the author. The author is required to revise the manuscript according to the suggestions provided within a timeframe of 2 TO 8 WEEKS. Once revised, the manuscript is resubmitted (Revised Manuscript Submitted) and forwarded (Route 5) to the Peer Reviewers for re-evaluation.

Stage 6: Decision. The final assessment to decide whether the manuscript is accepted or rejected takes 3 TO 7 DAYS. If the post-revision review still deems the manuscript inadequate, it can still be rejected ("Reviewer's rejected even after changes"). If finally approved, the manuscript's status will change to Accepted.

Stage 7: Copyedit & Production Phase. The accepted manuscript will be handed over (Route 6) to the Publication Teams. The team will conduct language and layout editing (Copyediting), which takes 3 TO 7 DAYS. Overall, the timeframe for this production phase is 2 weeks to 1 month.

Stage 8: Publish. The final stage is publishing the article (Route 7) on the journal's website. This process also includes DOI activation and journal indexing. The overall target time for post-acceptance publication is 1 MONTH.

Additional Service Standard Notes:

• Maximum Review Time: 3 Months.
• Communication Response Time: 7 Days.
• Post-Acceptance Publication: 1 Month.