Issued when a significant, honest error made by the author(s) is identified (e.g., non-fatal numerical errors, missing acknowledgments of funding agencies, or author name spelling mistakes) that does not invalidate the primary scientific conclusions of the research.

Procedure: A separate Corrigendum statement is assigned a unique Crossref DOI, published in the subsequent issue, and bidirectional digital links are established between the notice and the original article.

Issued to correct substantial production or formatting mistakes introduced by the journal during copyediting, typesetting, or file conversion (e.g., misaligned musical figures, corrupted data tables, or omitted text passages).

Procedure: A formal Erratum notice is published, and the corrected electronic PDF file will replace the defective one with a transparent revision footnote.

In accordance with COPE Guidelines, an article will be formally retracted if the findings are found to be unreliable due to misconduct or honest error. Grounds for retraction include clear evidence of data fabrication/falsification, unethical research practices (e.g., absence of informed consent in fieldwork), substantial plagiarism, unauthorized duplicate submission, or major copyright infringement.

Procedure: The original online record is never removed from the journal website. Instead, the PDF is permanently watermarked with "RETRACTED" on each page, accompanied by a public, freely accessible Retraction Notice detailing the reasons.

Complete removal of an article from the online platform is an extremely rare measure, reserved solely for cases where a legal ruling mandates removal, the article contains clearly defamatory statements, or the content poses severe privacy/safety hazards. In such circumstances, metadata will remain on the site, replaced by an explicit legal notice stating that the item has been removed.